\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Recall computers (or, last lecture in TL;DR format)}
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.79\textwidth}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item A digital computing device that stores and processes data,
          typically in binary form, according to arithmetic and locical
          instructions given to it in a variable program
        \item Binary data is `easy' to store and process digitally
        \item Examples that we can express data as we know it in binary
          \begin{itemize}
            \item Converting between base 10 and base 2
            \item ASCII
            \item Unicode
          \end{itemize}
        \item Hardware that composes a basic computer
          \begin{itemize}
            \item Processor
            \item Memory
            \item I/O devices
            \item ...
          \end{itemize}
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.29\textwidth}
      \centering\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{img/binary}
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Learning outcome based on syllabus}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item Describe the role of software in relation to the hardware
      (ISGA01)
    \item Describe the relation of the software to the hardware
      (ISGA06)
    \item Describe the role of software in relation to the hardware
      (ISGA90)
  \end{itemize}
  \vfill\centering
  \smartdiagramset{
    sequence item height=1.75cm,
    sequence item width=2.5cm,
    sequence item text width = 2.4cm,
  }
  \smartdiagram[sequence diagram]{%
    What is a computer system?,%
    Hardware software relation,%
    Trends and related systems%
  }
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Q: What is a computer system? \titlefloatright{A: Hardware + software}}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item Ett datorsystem \"{a}r ett system av h\aa{}rdvara och mjukvara som
      behandlar data p\aa{} ett meningsfullt s\"{a}tt\footnote{%
        \burl{https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datorsystem}
      }
      \begin{columns}
        \begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
          \begin{description}
            \item[\tno] mjukvara
            \item[\tno] h\aa{}rdvara
            \item[?] meningsfullt
          \end{description}
        \end{column}
        \begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
          \begin{description}
            \item[\tyes] programvara
            \item[\tyes] maskinvara
            \item[?] TBC
          \end{description}
        \end{column}
      \end{columns}
    \item Dator(er) med ansluten \textbf{maskinvara}, se dator. Ordet
      anv\"{a}nds ibland synonymt med databehandlingssystem, vilket
      d\"{a}rut\"{o}ver omfattar \textbf{programvara} samt eventuell
      organisation f\"{o}r databehandling\footnote{%
        \burl{https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l\%C3\%A5ng/datorsystem}
      }
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Meaningful? Need combination of hardware, software, user, and
    data\footnote{%
      \tiny{Some define computer systems like this, see for example:} \burl{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer\_systems}
    }
  }
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.59\textwidth}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item \textbf{Hardware} refers to physical components
        \item \textbf{Software} refers to programs that instruct the hardware
          what to do step-by-step
        \item \textbf{Data} is supplied and interpreted by a \textbf{user}
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.39\textwidth}
      \vfill\centering
      \input{img/computer-system}
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Computer systems are layered to increase usability}
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.59\textwidth}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Users use input and output devices to interact with application
          software (data exchange)
        \item Application software relies on system software while providing
          functionality
        \item System software coordinates the hardware
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.39\textwidth}
      \centering\input{img/layered}
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Users and application software exchange data via input and output
    devices}
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.33\textwidth}
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{img/monitor}
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{img/keyboard}
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{img/mouse}
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{img/headphones}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.33\textwidth}
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{img/radio-tower}\\
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{img/ethernet}\\
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{img/hdd}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.33\textwidth}
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{img/sensor}
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{img/traffic-light}\\
      \vspace{12pt}
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.4\textheight]{img/kbuss}
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
\end{frame}

% more on what an application is next lecture
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Application software helps a user perform a given task}
  \centering\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{img/apps2}\\
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{System software provides a platform that application software
    relies on}
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.35\textheight]{img/os}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Operating system software
          \begin{itemize}
            \item Program execution
            \item Interrupts
            \item System calls
            \item ...
          \end{itemize}
        \item Drivers
          \begin{itemize}
            \item Bridge between OS and hardware
          \end{itemize}
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.35\textheight]{img/driver}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Firmware
          \begin{itemize}
            \item Persistently stored program for low-level hardware control
            \item Found on most components
            \item Recall BIOS on the motherboard
          \end{itemize}
        \item Window management software
        \item ...
      \end{itemize}
      \vfill
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Actual hardware finally stores and processes data}
  \centering
  \begin{tikzpicture}[
    entity/.style = {
      draw,
      rectangle,
      minimum width=3cm,
      minimum height=1cm,
      top color = lightGray,
      bottom color = white,
    },
    arrow/.style = {
      draw,
    },
  ]
    \node[entity] (Memory) at (0,0) {Memory};
    \node[entity, right=of Memory] (Processor) {Processor};
    \node[entity, right=of Processor] (IO) {IO devices};

    \path[draw, ultra thick]
      ($ (Memory) + (0,-2.1) $) --
        node[label, below]{Internal communication and coordination via buses}
      ($ (IO) + (0,-2.1) $);

    \path[arrow, latex-latex] ($ (Memory.south) + (0,-0.1) $) -- ($ (Memory) + (0,-2) $);
    \path[arrow, latex-latex] ($ (Processor.south) + (0,-0.1) $) -- ($ (Processor) + (0,-2) $);
    \path[arrow, latex-latex] ($ (IO.south) + (0,-0.1) $) -- ($ (IO) + (0,-2) $);

  \end{tikzpicture}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Doh! The more you know, the more you know you don't know}
  \centering\input{img/know-it-all}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{But we can still say something about the hardware-software
    relation}
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{ccc}
    \textbf{Hardware} & \textbf{Software} & \textbf{Outcome} \\
    \toprule
    \tno & \tno & - \\
    \tno & \tyes & useless \\
    \tyes & \tno & unusable \\
    \tyes & \tyes & usable \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \pause
  \vfill\alert{System software abstracts the hardware away, thereby making it
    easier to use}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Example: what happens on a mouse click?}
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.89\textwidth}
      \begin{enumerate}
        \item A user provides input data by clicking the mouse
        \item The click creates contact with electrical components in the mouse
        \item The mouse creates an interrupt signal on the bus:
          `I have data to send'
        \item The interrupt signal eventually gets CPU priority
          \begin{itemize}
            \item Stop current task
            \item Load and execute driver routine
            \item Clear interrupt siginal
            \item Context switch back to previous task
          \end{itemize}
      \end{enumerate}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.09\textwidth}
      \centering\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{img/mouseclick}
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
  \pause
  \vfill\alert{Similar: what happens when you press a button on your keyboard?}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Example: PlayStation 4 is a computer system}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[height=0.5\textheight]{img/group}
  \\\Huge{Interactive demo + whiteboard}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Trends of computer systems}
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.39\textwidth}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Thick client
        \item Thin client
        \item Outsourced computing
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.59\textwidth}
      \centering\input{img/trends}
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Major players that provide cloud services \titlefloatright{+ some
    gossip!!}}
  \includegraphics[height=0.2263\textheight]{img/mcloud}
  \includegraphics[height=0.2263\textheight]{img/icloud}
  \includegraphics[height=0.33\textheight]{img/aws}
  \includegraphics[height=0.33\textheight]{img/gce}
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.25\textwidth}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Microsoft
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.25\textwidth}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Apple
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.25\textwidth}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Amazon
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.25\textwidth}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Google
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Trends of computer systems continued}
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.39\textwidth}
      Performance metrics:
      \begin{itemize}
        \item MIPS
        \item MFLOPS
        \item Bandwidth
        \item Execution time
        \item SPEC\footnotemark
        \item ...
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.59\textwidth}
      \centering\input{img/performance}
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
  \vfill
  \pause
  \centering
  \alert{Cause and effect?}
  \pause
  \alert{Hardware improves, software demands more...}

  \footnotetext[4]{%
    \tiny{Details for those that are interested:}
    \burl{https://www.spec.org/}
  }
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Systems that are closely related to computers? CS, IS, IT and ICT}
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Information System (IS): the study of complementary networks that
          people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and
          distribute data
        \item Computer System (CS): subset of IS
        \item Information Technology (IT): CS + everything around it in an
          enterprise
        \item Information Technology and Communication (ICT): IT + telecom%
          \footnotemark
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
      \centering\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{img/ict}
      \alert{Figure that depicts these relations?}
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
  \footnotetext[5]{\tiny{The transmission of data using different types of
    techniques and mediums, e.g., Ethernet and WiFi.}}
  \pause
  \vfill\centering\alert{Be warned: these definitions are no exact science...}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Given the status quo of Internet...difference between IT and ICT?}
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.59\textwidth}
      % Only briefly, forward ref to telecom lecture
      Internet is a network of networks:
      \begin{itemize}
        \item `Nuts and bolt'
        \item Protocol stack
      \end{itemize}
      \only<2>{\vspace{18pt}\centering\alert{Name an IT system without
        telecommunication?}}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.39\textwidth}
      \centering\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{img/internet}
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
\end{frame}

% Focus on the stuff related to this lecture, not networking
% + show in browser links where they can read more
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Example: what happens when you enter google.com in your browser
    software?}
  \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{img/google}
\end{frame}

% backup slide if too fast
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Computer systems: present and future?}
  \begin{columns}
    \begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Reality
        \item Internet of things
        \item Artificial intelligence
        \item Anarchy
        \item Monopolism
        \item Opportunity contra risk
      \end{itemize}
    \end{column}
    \begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{img/reality}
    \end{column}
  \end{columns}
\end{frame}
